Defects of Plantation Log: End Check, Split, Ring Shake, Hole, Cavity, and Other Mechanical Damage

Bodily defects and physical damage are common in production logs. These mechanical defects adversely affect the quality and the value of the commodity. Therefore, accurate analysis of the defects is essential to quantify the productivity and economics of forest plantations. This article is a quick reference for graders and researchers on the recommended evaluation of bodily defects in plantation logs such as end check, ring shake, hole, and other mechanical damage.